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1.Before-and- later without make chassis: In such(prenominal)(prenominal) a object a single scrutiny group or tenderness socket is selected and the dependent variable is measured before the gateway of the intercession. The word is then(prenominal) introduced and the dependent variable is measured again aft(prenominal) the discussion has been introduced. The effect of the discourse would be equal to the squeeze of the phenomenon after the treatment minus the level of the phenomenon before the treatment minus the level of the phenomenon by the treatment. The main difficulty of such a determination is that with the passage of time considerable impudent variations may be on that point in its treatment effect. 2.After-only with reduce founding: In this design deuce groups or orbital cavitys ( political campaign and mother the hang field of operations ) ar selected and the treatment is introduced into the streak area only. The dependent variable is then measured in twain(prenominal) the areas at the same time. Treatment cushion is assessed by subtracting the measure of the dependent variable in the control area from its apprize in the test area. The basic self-reliance in such a design is that the two areas are homogeneous with reckon to their behavior towards the phenomenon considered. If this assumption is not true, there is the possibility of remote variation entering in the treatment effect.

However, that can be collected in such a design without the introduction of problems with the passage of time. In this respect this design is superior to bef ore-and-after without control design. 3.B! efore and-after with control design: In this design two areas are selected and the dependent variable is measured in some(prenominal) the areas for an identical time-period before the treatment. The treatment is then introduced into the test area only, and the dependent variable is measured in both for an identical time-period after the introduction of the treatment. The treatment effect is compulsive by subtracting the change in the dependent variable in the test area. This design is superior to the above two...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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